{"id":61,"date":"2016-04-03T02:14:49","date_gmt":"2016-04-03T00:14:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/johann.langhofer.net\/?page_id=61"},"modified":"2024-04-10T08:41:56","modified_gmt":"2024-04-10T08:41:56","slug":"electronics","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/?page_id=61","title":{"rendered":"Electronics"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 id=\"levitation\">Magnetic Levitation (1 inch gap, stable, low cost)<\/h1>\n<div style=\"width: 650px;\" class=\"wp-video\"><video class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-61-1\" width=\"650\" height=\"366\" loop preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"video\/mp4\" src=\"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/VID_20180419_0724230.mp4?_=1\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/VID_20180419_0724230.mp4\">https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/VID_20180419_0724230.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div>\n<p>I&#8217;ve managed a simple solution for the magnetic challenge in order to get a stable levitation. After several experiments and a lot of research I came up with a solution using a handful components, more particularly, only five electronic parts were needed: a power supply, an Arduino, a handmade coil, a MOSFET and a hall-sensor. With a small piece of software running on the Arduino, the magnetic cubes can be hold in a very stable position. But wait, it isn&#8217;t so easy, I&#8217;ve got several issues and finally run into a serious problem, but finally I&#8217;ve got the solution&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>Lets start with the big picture: an electromagnet with a coil and an iron core on top attracts a floating magnet, a\u00a0 hall sensor reads the magnetic strength in the gap between the two magnets. An electronic switch turns the coil\u00a0OFF if the strength exceeds a certain value (threshold) and turns it ON if the strength falls blow this threshold. The threshold is exactly the line, where the sum of the up-pointing forces are in balance with the gravity of the floating magnet. The target is to keep the magnet very close to this line.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-588\" src=\"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/bigPicture1.jpg\" alt=\"bigPicture1\" width=\"510\" height=\"616\" \/><\/p>\n<p>So what&#8217;s the main problem trying to keep a magnet in a constant position from the electromagnet? Stability is the answer. In the configuration above, there are some facts that stability can&#8217;t be reached even if the electromagnet is switched with\u00a0 a perfect timing\u00a0 and high frequency, after some seconds or minutes the system tends to oscillate. Several articles on the WEB are describing this situation and most of them are recommending a PID controller. Well, to cut a long story short, I had no success with PID controllers, neither software-based nor hardware-based. But even if I had been successful, setting the PID-constants would be for one specific configuration only and I like a more general system, where I chan change the type\/size\/weight of the magnets without reconfiguring the software. Here you can see the cubes getting out of control:<\/p>\n<div id=\"levitation2\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"width: 650px;\" class=\"wp-video\"><video class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-61-2\" width=\"650\" height=\"366\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"video\/mp4\" src=\"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/VID_20180418_2122030.mp4?_=2\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/VID_20180418_2122030.mp4\">https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/VID_20180418_2122030.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div>\n<p>And finally here is my solution to fix this problem: using a damping plate\/disc does the magic job. Putting a non magnetic, good electric conductor, such as aluminium or copper on top and\/or bottom of your system will eliminate the oscillating due the lorentz force, which is generated by the induced current in the conductor and acts against the oscillating force.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-601\" src=\"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/text8870-1.jpg\" alt=\"text8870\" width=\"508\" height=\"616\" \/>:<\/p>\n<p>However, to achieve a good damping factor, the plate\/disc\u00a0 must not be too far away from the magnet, it also depends how strong the magnet is. For my strong N42 cubes I&#8217;m using an aluminium disc with 6mm thickness, 40 mm of diameter and a distance of approx. 15mm to the magnets bottom, which is sufficient enough (the damping disc is at the lower section of the picture):<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_578\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-578\" style=\"width: 1190px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-578 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/IMG_20180418_200844.jpg\" alt=\"Damping disc and spacers\" width=\"1190\" height=\"893\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-578\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Damping disc and spacers<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>If the damping plate is too far away from the magnet, spacers can be used (non magnetic material such as plastic, acryl etc.). Good candidates for damping plates are also CPU heat sinks.<\/p>\n<p>For my levitation system I can change magnets with different style, strength and size on the fly without reconfiguring the software. Sometimes, depending on the magnets, I have to remove\/add a spacer, but this can be done without effort.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_636\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-636\" style=\"width: 710px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-636 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/IMG_20180419_163435.jpg\" alt=\"magnetic levitation of a x-mas ball :)\" width=\"710\" height=\"1000\" srcset=\"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/IMG_20180419_163435.jpg 710w, https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/IMG_20180419_163435-213x300.jpg 213w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 710px) 100vw, 710px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-636\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">magnetic levitation of a Christmas ball \ud83d\ude42<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_642\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-642\" style=\"width: 797px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-642 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/IMG_20180419_165130.jpg\" alt=\"magnetic levitation of a dodecahedron\" width=\"797\" height=\"1092\" srcset=\"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/IMG_20180419_165130.jpg 797w, https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/IMG_20180419_165130-219x300.jpg 219w, https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/IMG_20180419_165130-747x1024.jpg 747w, https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/IMG_20180419_165130-768x1052.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 797px) 100vw, 797px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-642\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">magnetic levitation of a dodecahedron<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>For people interested on how I built up the systen, here is some technical Information:<\/p>\n<p>The system is supplied with a 7.5V power supply and draws a current of 40-50mA to hold the magnets (&lt; 400 mW). The power supply is connected to the Arduino-nano Vin-pin and also to one end of the coil. The coil is not very critical, I used a 0.3mm wire and filled up the windings from 7 to 20 mm diameter. The coil length is 20 mm and the resistance is about 30 ohms. The other connection of the coil goes to the drain of a <span class=\"st\">N-channel power MOSFET (<em>5N50<\/em> ),\u00a0 the gate of the MOSFET is connected directly to an Arduino output and the source is connected to the ground. For the magnetic sensor I&#8217;m using a Hall-Effect chip from Allegro (A1302), the output signal goes directly to an analog input of the Arduino. The 5V supply for the A1302 is coming from the Arduino pin. For optical effects I&#8217;m driving some Superleds (Apa102), but this is optional and has nothing to do with the core system. <\/span><\/p>\n<p>The software is using the Arduino AD-Converter in free running mode and makes the decision whether to switch the coil ON or OFF after each conversion is completed. So the main loop, which acts as a simple PW-Modulation, is very straight forward:<\/p>\n<pre>#define THRESHOLD 622\n#define OUTOFRANGE THRESHOLD-50<\/pre>\n<pre>void loop() {\n  unsigned int sensorValue = analogNext();\n  if (sensorValue &gt;= THRESHOLD|| sensorValue &lt; OUTOFRANGE) {\n    digitalWriteD(OUT_PIN, 0);\n  }\n  else {\n    digitalWriteD(OUT_PIN, 1);\n  }\n}<\/pre>\n<p>To determine the threshold value, just leave the coil unmagnetized (comment the if\/else block) and insert a serial.println(sensorValue) statement instead. Now, while watching the values, put manually the magnet below the coil until you feel some force pulling upwards. The monitored value is now a good starting point for your threshold. In the example above the threshold value is set to 622 which can be tuned by approx. +- 10-20 digits\u00a0 to compensate different magnet weights. The OUTOFRANGE constant is used to switch the coil OFF if no magnet is present and thus to reduce the power consumption on idle time. The value isn&#8217;t that critical, I decided to set this constant 50 digits below the threshold.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"st\">The whole sketch can be downloaded from <a href=\"https:\/\/raw.githubusercontent.com\/androdlang\/Magnetic-Levitation\/master\/levitation_core.ino\">here<\/a>.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_579\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-579\" style=\"width: 893px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-579 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/IMG_20180418_200946.jpg\" alt=\"Cover of the levitation controller. Here are some Super-LEDs integrated (optional).\" width=\"893\" height=\"1190\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-579\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cover of the levitation controller. Here are some Super-LEDs integrated (optional).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_580\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-580\" style=\"width: 893px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-580 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/IMG_20180418_201039.jpg\" alt=\"An optical diffusor is used as a spacer. The diffusor is a piece of transparent paper ( laser cut ) between two acylic disks. \" width=\"893\" height=\"1190\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-580\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">An optical diffusor is used as a spacer. The diffusor is a piece of transparent paper ( laser cut ) between two acrylic disks.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_582\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-582\" style=\"width: 893px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-582 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/IMG_20180418_202350.jpg\" alt=\"An arduino-NANO is controlling the system. Analog reading of a Hall-effect sensor is converted into a PWM Signal to switch an electromagnet.\" width=\"893\" height=\"1190\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-582\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Arduino-NANO is controlling the system. The electronic switch (N-channel MOSFET) is placed below the NANO socket and is mounted on a heat sink.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_577\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-577\" style=\"width: 893px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-577 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/IMG_20180418_200656.jpg\" alt=\"Handmade coil with an iron core. The length and the diameter of the coil is about 20mm. Between the lower aluminiuim discs (which are acting as a damper) there is a tiny hall sensor integrated.\" width=\"893\" height=\"1190\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-577\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Handmade coil with an iron core and 0.3 mm copper wire. The length and diameter of the coil is about 20mm. Between the lower aluminiuim discs (which are acting as a damper) there is a tiny hall sensor integrated.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_576\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-576\" style=\"width: 1190px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-576 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/IMG_20180418_200627.jpg\" alt=\"Aluminium discs acting as protector and damper.\" width=\"1190\" height=\"893\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-576\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aluminium discs acting as sensor-protector and damper.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_575\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-575\" style=\"width: 893px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-575 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/IMG_20180418_200615.jpg\" alt=\"Arduino housing seen from below.\" width=\"893\" height=\"1190\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-575\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Arduino housing seen from below. It&#8217;s a surface mount box found in a hardware store.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_574\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-574\" style=\"width: 893px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-574 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/IMG_20180418_200514.jpg\" alt=\"Power supply input jack.\" width=\"893\" height=\"1190\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-574\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Power supply input jack.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_581\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-581\" style=\"width: 893px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-581 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/IMG_20180418_201726.jpg\" alt=\"Here is the complete, full functional and stable levitation system.\" width=\"893\" height=\"1190\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-581\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Here is the complete, full functional and stable levitation system.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Other projects<\/h2>\n<p>Useful components:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Arduino Mini, Nano, Mega, laser 405nm<br \/>\nRaspberryPI I, II<br \/>\nWLan ESP8266<br \/>\nand much more.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<style type=\"text\/css\">\n#foogallery-gallery-871 .fg-image { width: 150px; }\n#foogallery-gallery-871 { --fg-gutter: 10px; }<\/style>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"foogallery foogallery-container foogallery-default foogallery-lightbox-foogallery fg-center fg-default fg-ready fg-light fg-border-thin fg-shadow-outline fg-loading-default fg-loaded-fade-in fg-caption-hover fg-hover-fade fg-hover-zoom\" id=\"foogallery-gallery-871\" data-foogallery=\"{&quot;item&quot;:{&quot;showCaptionTitle&quot;:true,&quot;showCaptionDescription&quot;:true},&quot;lazy&quot;:true}\" 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href=\"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/DSC_0221-scaled.jpg\" data-caption-title=\"Electronics\" data-attachment-id=\"66\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Electronics\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2016\/04\/DSC_0221-scaled\/2782168513.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22150%22%20height%3D%22150%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20150%20150%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption class=\"fg-caption\"><div class=\"fg-caption-inner\"><div class=\"fg-caption-title\">Electronics<\/div><\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/20141223-DSC_0189-scaled.jpg\" data-attachment-id=\"104\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2016\/04\/20141223-DSC_0189-scaled\/531971409.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22150%22%20height%3D%22150%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20150%20150%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/20150111-DSC_0191-scaled.jpg\" data-attachment-id=\"105\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2016\/04\/20150111-DSC_0191-scaled\/624077604.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22150%22%20height%3D%22150%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20150%20150%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/20150111-DSC_0190-scaled.jpg\" data-attachment-id=\"103\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2016\/04\/20150111-DSC_0190-scaled\/1645146006.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22150%22%20height%3D%22150%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20150%20150%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fg-item fg-type-image fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/20140927-DSC_0174-e1459674414365-scaled.jpg\" data-attachment-id=\"109\" data-type=\"image\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2016\/04\/20140927-DSC_0174-e1459674414365-scaled\/4046451324.jpg\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22150%22%20height%3D%22150%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20150%20150%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Magnetic Levitation (1 inch gap, stable, low cost) I&#8217;ve managed a simple solution for the magnetic challenge in order to get a stable levitation. After several experiments and a lot of research I came up with a solution using a handful components, more particularly, only five electronic parts were needed: a power supply, an Arduino, &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"template-full-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-61","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/61","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=61"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/61\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":872,"href":"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/61\/revisions\/872"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/langhofer.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=61"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}